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NYC Hispanic Art
A Guide to Masterpieces
Created by Hispanic-American History Students ​at Lehman College, CUNY

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'Don Gaspar de Guzmán'-Diego Velázquez

“Don Gaspar de Guzmán,” an oil on canvas by Spanish artist Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez, is on display and part of the permanent collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
     Depicted in this painting is Count Duke of Olivares, who served as chief minister to King Philip IV of Spain. He was also the Prime Minister of Spain from 1621 to 1643.
     The painting is believed to represent the Spanish victory over the French in the 1638 siege at Fuenterrabia. Contrary to the story the painting may tell, the Duke did not actively participate in the battle. It is said that the image was “created as a general statement for his status and authority.”
     Curiously, there are two versions of this painting, with the biggest difference being the color of the horse. While the Duke rides a white horse in New York, the one displayed in the Museo Nacional Del Prado in Madrid, Spain, has a brown horse.
     Velázquez is known as one of the greats of Spanish Baroque art. He started painting at a very young age under the guidance of famed Spanish painter and engraver Francisco Herrera, also known as El Viejo. He stayed with Herrera until the age of 12. From there he became an apprentice to famous painter Francisco Pacheco, where he learned various styles of art for five years before he was summoned by King Philip IV, and became the crown’s leading artist.
     This painting is on display in gallery 610 at the MET, 1000 Fifth Avenue, in New York City.
​                                             By Vashni Martin, Lehman College
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​'Fulang-Chang and I' - Frida Khalo​
“Fulang-Chang and I” is a 1937 self-portrait by Mexican modernist painter Frida Kahlo, with her pet monkey, Fulang-Chang. The painting is now part of the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
     Kahlo (1907-1954) lived a life of misfortune. As a child, she was disabled by Polio, and at the age of 18, she was in a car accident that left her physically pained for the rest of her life. Art became the escape from her illnesses.
     “I paint myself because I’m so often alone and because I am the subject I know best,” she once said.
     
“Fulang-Chang and I” depicts a sad part of her life. Unable to conceive children, she had pet monkeys and other animals which she valued deeply and often became the subjects of her paintings.
     This painting was part of her first major exhibition, at the Julien Levy Gallery in New York in 1938. The essay that accompanied that show described her work as “a ribbon around a bomb.”
     
Later, when Khalo gave this painting to her close Mary Skylar, it was attached to a mirror – so that Sklar could see the two friends together.
     
While she was hailed as a Surrealist, that’s not the way Kahlo saw herself. “I never painted dreams,” she said. “I painted my own reality.”
     
Although her life wasn’t full of happiness and serenity, it brought about great art that catapulted her into an important figure in modern art.
     
Museum of Modern Art: 11 West 53 Street, New York, NY 10019. Website: https://www.moma.org/
​
                              By July Torres, Lehman College
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'Red Boy'-​Francisco de Goya
“Manuel Osorio Manrique de Zuniga,” also known as “Red Boy,” is a 1787 oil on canvas painting by Francisco de Goya, on exhibit and part of the permanent collection at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
     The painting was a one of a series of portraits of the family of Vicente Joaquin Osorio Moscoso y Guzman, the Count of Altamira. Manuel was the Count’s youngest son.
     Dressed in a spectacular red costume, Manuel is accompanied by a pet magpie, a cage full of finches and three wide-eyed cats. The magpie, an intelligent bird, has Goya’s calling card in his mouth – a personal touch from the artist.
     While the birds and the child represent innocence, the cats, focused on the magpie, symbolize the forces of evil, standing completely motionless but representing a constant threat. Apparently, Goya intended this portrait as an illustration of the frail boundaries that separate a child's world from the ever-present forces of evil. The painting was considered to be one of the most successful portraits of a child painted during his time.
     Goya, 1746-1828, was an artist who expressed his ideas and views of the world through his work, a pioneer of romanticism. He started very young, learning from other Spanish artists and later influencing many other artists, during and after his time. His personal life, however, was not as successful, and it was reflected in his art.
     His wife suffered many failed pregnancies and miscarriages. He lost his hearing. Only one son grew up into adulthood. He dealt with many other traumatic issues, and yet he art was magical.
     His “Red Boy” is now in gallery 612, on the 2nd floor of the Museum of Modern Art, 11 West 53rd Street, in Manhattan. Website: https://www.moma.org/
                                              By Jhoanna Lora, Lehman College
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'The Vision of Saint John' - El Greco

“The Vision of Saint John” a Bible-inspired early 17th century mannerism canvas painting by Domenikos Theotokopoulos, famously known as El Greco, now inspires visitors at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
     Based on the Book of Revelations (6:9-11), and originally commissioned in 1608 for the church of the hospital of Saint John the Baptist in Toledo, Spain, the painting depicts the opening of the fifth seal, supposedly at end of the world. It has many figures with elongated limbs and bodies that reject naturalism.
     While religion played a large part of El Greco’s art, this particular painting is said to be incomplete, because it features Saint John pointing upwards, to another portion of the canvas that seems to be missing. While this portion depicts “profane love,” unfortunately, due to various restorations and years or wear, we can no longer see the “divine love” that would have been depicted in the upper portion.
     While El Greco is considered to be one of the most famous Spanish painters, he was born in 1541 in Crete, Greece. At an early age, already trained as an icon painter, he chose to move to Venice and later to Rome, to work on his art style. But he didn’t truly become the artist he endeavored to be until settling in Toledo, Spain in the 1570’s.
     El Greco’s idiosyncratic and mannerist style boosted his career, inspired many others to follow in his footsteps, and triggered 20th century avant-garde movements.
     “The Vision of Saint John,” is one of several of his masterpieces in the European Paintings department, “1250-1800,” in Gallery 611, at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Avenue, in Manhattan.
​                       By Chloe Castrodad, Lehman College
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The Bath, Jávea - Joaquin Sorolla

"The Bath, Jávea" a 1905 painting by Spanish artist Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida, depicting his two daughters and wife enjoying the water on a summer’s day on the Spanish coast, is on permanent display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan.
     This impressionistic oil on canvas gives you the impression that the image is seen at a glance and painted from memory. The result is a blurry distortion of a clear image. Yet, although the painting is not sharp and clear, one can definitely feel the presence of a beautiful summer’s day.
     The colors are bright and vibrant. The yellows, whites, greens and blues are all blended together creating the illusion of moving water.  "He employed vigorous strokes of paint to capture the motion of the sun-dappled surf as it swirls over rocks and around the bathers,” according to a plaque next to the painting at the MET.
     Born to a poor family on February 27, 1863 in Valencia, Spain, Sorolla was orphaned at the age two. Yet during his youth, he demonstrated such artistic talent that at the age of 15 he was admitted to the Academy of San Carlos in Valencia. He then studied in Rome and Paris, eventually returning to Valencia.
     When Sorolla visited Madrid’s Museo del Prado at age 18, and saw paintings by Spanish Golden Age artist Diego Velázquez, he was so inspired that his view of art was changed. He became famous because of his impressionistic works.
​     In 1911, Sorolla gained exposure in the United States when the New York’s Hispanic Society of America opened an exhibition of his murals, which proudly displayed the beauty of Spain.
​     
Those murals still occupy an entire gallery at that Upper West Side museum. His success lead him to be commissioned to paint a portrait of U.S. President William Howard Taft.
Sorolla's paintings are exhibited in museums all across Europe. He even has his own Sorolla Museum, in the Madrid building that was once his house. He died at the age of 60, in 1923. His house was converted into a museum at his widow’s request, after she died.
​     If you would like to please your senses with an abundance of masterful art, visit the Metropolitan Museum of Art, America's largest museum, at 1000 5th Avenue in Manhattan. The museum got its beginnings from a group of Americans who were inspired in Paris, France, and wanted to create an institution of fine arts for the American people. To learn more about the museum's history, visit its website at https://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/history.
​                                                By Amadi Ocasio, Lehman College
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'The Potato' - Joan Miró

“The Potato,” a 1928 surrealistic oil on canvas by Spanish artist Joan Miró, illustrating the artist’s imaginary memories of his childhood, is on exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan.
     At first glance, the painting seems like an unsolved puzzle, with its juxtaposition of organic forms coming together to create something bigger and larger. But if observed closely, one can see that this is a human figure. Indeed, the figure painted white is a woman stretching her arms wide in front of her as she is looking up. She is surrounded by a blue sky, and a brown field of potatoes.
     To create the surrealism in “The Potato,” Miró started by drawing a recognizable subject, a woman, and transformed her into a biomorphic, humanoid form using whimsical colors, shapes, and forms. It represents Miró’s play on imagination combined with the memories of his childhood home, using the surrounding village, sea, and mountains as reference.
​     In the painting, the female form is semi-abstract with an organic large head, thin red neck, and two different shaped hands that seem to be missing fingers. There is an indication of a face with two black eyes and a small nose. The object on her forehead is an actual potato, hence the title, “The Potato.” The woman is surrounded by earthy elfin figures of different shapes and sizes, a red and yellow butterfly woman, stairs, and a fishing pole.
     
Miró was born in 1893 in the province of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain. He studied art in prestigious Barcelona schools since the age of seven. But as an adult, he also attended business school, until he suffered a mental breakdown that forced him to abandon business school and devote himself entire to art.
     During his youth, Miró was deeply influenced by the landscapes of Barcelona, its artistic heritage, and by the cubist and surrealist works often exhibited there. At the age of 22, Miró went to Paris, where he met Pablo Picasso and associated himself with other Surrealist artists. His career skyrocketed after his first solo Surrealist exhibition at the Galerie Pierre, in Paris, in 1925. He died in Majorca, Spain in 1983 at the age of 90.
     Today, Miró is known as one of the most renowned artists associated with French Surrealism. His works have been exhibited all over the world. This painting is in the Modern and Contemporary Art Gallery (906) and part of the permanent collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Avenue, in Manhattan. The Met was founded in 1870, opened its doors on February 20, 1872 and since then, has become one of the most visited museums in the world. It has three locations: The Met Fifth Ave, the Met Breuer, and the Met Cloisters.
                                       By Philomina Gomes, Lehman College

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​'Señora de Sorolla in Black'
​- Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida

​"Señora de Sorolla in Black" a 1906 painting by Spanish artist Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida, depicting his wife, Clotilde Garcia del Castillo, in a striking evening black dress, is at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan.
​     Clotilde was Sorolla’s muse. She would travel with him everywhere. She was also his bookkeeper. He called her "my Treasury Minister."
     As Clotilde posed for the painting, Sorolla included the background: a painting, of a female saint, which he had painted during the first few months of their marriage.
     "Señora de Sorolla in Black" hung prominently in Sorolla's widely successful 1909 exhibition at the Hispanic Society of America in New York, where it was purchased by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
     Sorolla was born on February 27,1863 in Valencia, Spain he grew up with his maternal aunt and uncle after his parents died, possibly from cholera. He started his art education at the age of 14 and by the age of 18, he was traveling to Madrid to study the master paintings in the Museo del Prado. After serving in the military, at the age of 22, he received a grant to go study art in Rome, Italy.
     "Sorolla's efforts as an artist were focused mainly on the production of large canvases of orientalist, mythological, historical, and social subjects for display in salons and international exhibitions in Madrid, Paris, Venice, Munich, Berlin, and Chicago", according to Sorolla's website, the "Joaquin-Sorolla-y-Bastida.org."
     After his death on August 10, 1923, his wife left most of his remaining paintings to the Spanish people. She turned their home into a museum – the Museo de Sorolla, in Madrid.
     “Señora de Sorolla in Black” is part of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan. www.metmuseum.org
     ​By Daniela Santana, Lehman College
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'Goddess with Foliage' - Wifredo Lam

Components of African, Cubist, and Surrealist craftsmanship appear to be mixed in this vast, crossover figure painted in gouache and named “Goddess with Foliage,” by the Cuban craftsman Wifredo Lam at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan.
​     Lam was an Afro-Cuban artist best known for his extraordinary Surrealist, tasteful art which consolidated European creative developments with the symbolism of his native country.
     Although born in Cuba, he studied in Europe for 18 years, first in Spain and later in Paris, where he synthesized African art, Cubism, and Surrealism and where he befriended artist Pablo Picasso and poet André Breton, the founder of Surrealism.
     In 1942, Lam held his first U.S. art exhibition, also named “Goddess with Foliage.” In it, Lam depicted and resuscitated the persevering Afro-Cuban soul and culture.
     He did this by combining human, plant, and animal elements. His large figures have pointed ears, huge plant-like hands, a horse’s snout, fruit-shaped breasts, etc. He created a one of a kind style, which was often portrayed by half-and-half or hybrid figures.
     Lam is celebrated mostly for his uniqueness in combining Surrealist and Cubist methodologies with symbolism and images from the Afro-Cuban religion known as Santeria.
     
Lam was born in Cuba, as Wifredo Oscar de la Concepcion Lam y Castilla on December 8, 1902 to Yam Lam, a Chinese immigrant, and to Ana Serafina Castilla, the descended from a Congolese freed slave and a Cuban mulatto.
​     He grew up among people of African descent in Sagua La Grande, a town in the sugar cultivating area of Villa Clara, Cuba. His family practiced Catholicism in addition to African customs.
​Although Lams’ initial artistic creations were more traditional Spanish paintings, his work soon turned out to be more streamlined and decorative, and more reflective of his mixed ethnicity. Throughout Lam's journey, he showed compassion for laborers who still reflected the struggle of slaves. He believed the descendants of slaves were being mistreated and that Afro-Cuban culture was being disrespect and belittled.
     Lam believed that Cuba was in danger of losing its African legacy and along these lines, looked to free them from social enslavement. He was a champion of Afro-Cuban culture, which he believed was spoiled by tourism and suppressed by the Cuban government.
     Today, Lam’s craftsmanship is on view in Gallery 911 at The MET, at 1000 Fifth Avenue. The museum is open daily from 11:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. and on weekends from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. Phone: 212-570-3951. Web: www.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/contact
                                                          By Flor Johnson, Lehman College

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'Bullfight in a Divided Ring' - Francisco de Goya

​“Bullfight in a Divided Ring,” also known as “Bulls of Bordeaux,” is an 1825 oil on canvas attributed to iconic Spanish artist Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes, and on permanent display at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
     Born on March 30, 1746 in Fuendetodos, Spain, Goya began painting at a young age and soon was selling his countless religious paintings to Spanish churches and cathedrals. He gained recognition for it.
     But this painting, from his elder years, depicts two consecutive bullfights, divided by a fence, in one single bullring. One might call it, “two for the price of one.” On the left side, a bullfighter is charging a bull with a sword. And on the right, another bull is taunted by bullfighters with firecrackers.
​     While bullfighting was a frequent Goya theme, especially in a celebrated 1816 series of prints called Tauromaquia, this painting was one of four lithographs published in 1825, while he was exiled in Bordeaux, France.
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“He handled the crayons like paintbrushes and never sharpened them,” his friend and fellow Spanish artist Antonio Brugada told Goya’s biographer Laurent Matheron. Brugada apparently witnessed Goya’s work on the Bordeaux lithographs. “He remained standing, walking backward and forward from moment to moment to judge the effect.”
​     However, since Goya’s bullfight compositions also have been copied and sold as originals, on its website, the MET acknowledges that, “the use here of certain motifs that appear in Goya's other bullfight scenes has led some authorities to view our painting as a pastiche by another hand.”
     But the MET also notes that in its painting, “The richness of the composition however, and the brilliant handling of the foreground crowd are worthy of Goya himself.”
     “Bullfight in a Divided Ring,” is on permanent exhibit in Gallery 612 at the MET, 1000 Fifth Avenue, in Manhattan.
​                                               By Priscilla Afriyie, Lehman College
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The Rearguard -
José Clemente Orozco
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Juana Arellano

The Virgin of Guadalupe - Isidro Escamilla 
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Rushmali Hadley

Reading at a Table -
​Pablo Picasso
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Adelaida Ospina-Rodas

Saint John The Baptist - Juan Martinez Montanes
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Adelaida Ovalles

The Persistence of Memory - Salvador Dali 
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Glenda Fred
The Accommodations of Desire -Salvador Dali
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Pema Yangzom

Self Portrait -
​Leonora Carrington
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​Dahianna Feliciano

A City on a Rock -
​unknown Goya apprentice
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Angelica Lopez

Majas on a balcony - Francisco De Goya y Lucientes 
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Jasmine Ramos

Animated Landscape -
​Joan Miro
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Carlos Coronado


The Actor - Pablo Picasso
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Leonela Francisco

Portrait of Juan de Pareja - Diego Velazquez 
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Nathaly Sanchez

Seated Harlequin -
​Pablo Picasso


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Karen Anderson

Women, Birds, and a Star - Joan Miró
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Mousa Payinkay

The Dreamer -
​Pablo Picasso
 
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Yissel Liriano
The fruits of labor - 
​Diego Rivera 
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Maribel Pantoja
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                   CHAPTERS/CAPITULOS

1. Our Pre-Mayflower Thanksgivings
Nuestros Días de Acción de Gracias Pre-Mayflower
               
2. A Tale of Two Cities
                 
3. Our Pre-Hispanic Heritage
              

4. The Black Legend Returns

4. La Leyenda Negra Regresa
                
5. Even on HBO, The Black Legend Lives
                   
6. Our Spanish Heritage
                     
7. Exalted or Offended?
                    
8. We are all 'Americanos'
                  
9. Latinos are Failing
                  
10. Hispanic, Columbus or Indigenous Day?

10. ™Dia Hispano, De Colon o Indigena?
                   
11. Two Good Places to Rest
11. Dos buenos lugares para descansar
                  
12. Whitman's Prophetic Letter
12. La Carta Profética de Whitman
                  
13. America’s Cradle
13. La Cuna de America
                 
14. Our Quincentennial is Coming!

14. ´Nuestro Quinto Centenario Se Avecina!
                   
15. 
This chapter was merged with Chapter 29
                
16. A Time To Welcome the Spirits
                  
17. A Hispanic Christmas
17. Una Navidad Hispana
                  
18. JOSE MARTI:
     His Legacy Lives Here
     
Su Legado Vive Aqui
                
19. Hyphenated and Proud!
                   
20. Politicizing Education

21. Speak Any Spanish Lately?
              
22. 
Let's Celebrate Three Kings Day!

22. ´Celebremos el día de los Reyes!
               
23. 
This chapter was merged with Chapter 29


24. A Long-Overdue Museum
                 
25. America's First Christmas was celebrated in Spanish

25. La Primera Navidad Americana ​ fue celebrada en español​

26. The Grand Canyon
and the Bucket List
 Of Hispanic Heritage
26. El Gran Canyon
y la Lista de Lugares de la Herencia Hispana

                  
27. 
On Fiesta Month, Can We Talk About Heritage?
27. En el mes de las fiestas, ™podemos hablar de nuestra herencia?

28. Our Hispanic Heritage: On Exhibit and Yet Hidden
28. Nuestra Herencia Hispana: En Exhibición y Sin Embargo Oculta

29. Florida's Birthday Should Be a National Holiday

             
30. A Local Celebration that Should be National               

31. 
This chapter was merged with Chapter 30               
​

32. The Conveniently 'Forgotten War'
32. La Guerra Convenientemente Olvidada

33. Guantanamo Has a History  June 4, 2013

34. Exposing the Social Media Bigots  June 18, 2013
34. Exponiendo a los Intolerantes
     de los Medios Sociales June 18, 2013

35. Thinking of Cusi On the Fourth of July
35. Pensando en Cusi en el Cuatro de Julio

36. The Discovery of White Hispanics
36.  El Descubrimiento de los Hispanos Blancos

37. Let's Build a Timeline Of Hispanic-American History
37. Vamos a Construir una Cronología
     De la Historia Hispanoamericana

38. In the Name of Heritage
38. En el Nombre de la Herencia

39. Hispanics or Latinos?
39. ™Hispanos o Latinos?

40.  Hollywood's Hidden Hispanic Heritage
40. La Herencia Hispana Oculta en Hollywood

41. Obliviously Living in ‘The Land of Estevan Gomez’
41. Viviendo Inconscientemente
       En la ‘Tierra de Estevan Gómez’

42. Marking America's Birthplace
42. Marcando el Lugar de Nacimiento De Estados Unidos

43. Hispanics in Denial Should Be Infamous
43. Los Hispanos en Rechazo Deben Ser Infames

44. 
Gay Marriage's Hidden American History
      Started in Spanish
 CABEZA DE VACA'S JOURNEY
44. La Historia Oculta del Matrimonio Gay
      En América Comenzó en Español
        EL VIAJE DE CABEZA DE VACA​

45. Super Bowl Coke Commercial
       Draws Out Ugly Americans

45. Comercial de Coke en Super Bowl
     Hace Relucir a los Americanos Feos


46. 
The 'Discovery' of Self-Loathing Hispanics
46. El ‘Descubrimiento' de los
     Hispanos que se Auto Desprecian


THE GREAT HISPANIC AMERICAN HISTORY TOUR 
June 2014 - January 2015


47. My Pilgrimage to San Xavier
47. Mi Peregrinaje a San Xavier

48. The Great Hispanic American History Tour
48. La Gran Gira por la Historia Hispanoamericana

49. On the Trail of Conquistadors
49. En el Camino de los Conquistadores

50. Beyond St. Augustine
50. Más Allá de San Agustín

51. 
An American hero and hidden Hispanic role model
51. Un héroe americano y modelo hispano oculto​

52. The Hispanic Flank of the American Revolution
52. El Flanco Hispano de la Revolucion Americana
​

53. New Orleans Has a Spanish ‘Ne Sais Quoi’
53. New Orleans Tiene Un ‘Ne Sais Quoi’ Español
​
54. Galveston: Still the Isle of Misfortune?

55. Extracting Compacted History
     Unveils Hidden Hispanic Heritage

56. 'Remember The Alamo' Was a Spanish Mission

57. San Antonio: The Showcase Of Our Hispanic Heritage

58. There Was Compassion On the Spanish Mission Trail

58. Hubo Compasión en el Camino de las Misiones Españolas
​
59. A Hidden Latina Role Model

60. Time Portals on the Road

61. The First Thanksgiving
     In the (Southwest) United States

62. The World's Biggest Statue
of a Nameless Horseback Rider


63. A River Runs Through Our Hispanic Heritage

64. A Beacon of Hope On a Border Mountaintop

65. A Mexican-American Town
65. Un Pueblo Mexico-Americano

66. The Crossroads of Conquistadors

67. Hiking In Search of Coronado's Trail

68. The Real American Pioneers

69. Keeping My Pledge to San Xavier

70. If They Knew Arizona's History,
     They Wouldn't Be So Xenophobic

71. 'Tucson' is a Spanish Adaptation

72. Under a Utah Lake, Hispanic Heritage Lives

73. A Hilltop View Of Hispanic Heritage

74. Searching for Coronado's Quivira

75. The Spanish Savior of St. Louis

76. 
Jefferson's Spanish Library

WASHINGTON, D.C.
February-June 2015

77. When Galvez Came to Congress
77. Cuando Gálvez Vino al Congreso


78. A Tour of Our Extraordinarily Hispanic U.S. Capitol

79. Searching for Not-S0-Hidden
Hispanic Heritage in Washington, DC


80. Smithsonian Omits Hispanics In U.S. History Exhibit
80. Smithsonian Omite a los Hispanos
     en Exhibición de Historia de EE.UU.
MIAMI - August 2015
​
81. Finding Dad in a Museum
81. Encontre a Mi Padre en un Museo


​CALIFORNIA ROAD TRIP - 2018
82. International Friendship Park ​at U.S.-Mexico Border
​- A Jagged Corner of the World


83. Old Town San Diego State Historic Park
​
84. Cabrillo National Monument

85. ​It took more than 2 centuries

86. Presidio Park: The Birthplace
of the Spanish Colonization of California


87. Junípero Serra Museum Transcends the Story of a Great Man

88. Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá:
California's First Spanish Mission


89. Old Mission (Padre) Dam: California's First Aqueduct

90. Even at the beach in San Diego, you can't avoid Spanish history

91. Chicano Park: Mexican-American ​painted under highway ramps

92. Balboa Park: Candy for your eyes amid a painful controversy!

93. San Diego: An American Town
Named After the Saint from Alcalá

93. San Diego: Un Pueblo Americano
Lleva el Nombre del Santo de Alcalá


94. San Luis Rey de Francia: The King of the California Missions
94. San Luis Rey de Francia: ​El Rey de las Misiones de California

95. San Antonio de Pala:
A Sub-Mission to Reach
 the Natives of the Interior
95. San Antonio de Pala:
Una Asistencia para Alcanzar los Nativos del Interior

96. San Juan Capistrano:
The Home of the Mission Swallows
 from Argentina
96. San Juan Capistrano:
El Hogar de las Golondrinas Desaparecidas ​de Argentina

97. San Gabriel Arcángel: A Mission that Launched Cities
97. San Gabriel Arcángel: Una Misión Que Lanzó Ciudades

98. El Pueblo de la Reina de Los Ángeles:
Hispanics had to be imported

98. El Pueblo de la Reina de Los Ángeles:
Hispanos tuvieron que sen importados


99. La Plaza de Cultura y Artes:
A Walk through Mexican-American History

99. La Plaza de Cultura y Artes:
Un Paseo por la historia 
​mexicoamericana


100. Strolling the Hispanic Walk of Fame
​100. Caminando por el Paseo Hispano de la Fama

101. San Fernando Rey de España Teaches
California's Colonial History

101. ​​San Fernando Rey de España Enseña
la historia colonial de California


​102. Mission San Buenaventura Survived Earthquakes and Pirates
102. Misión San Buenaventura Sobrevivió Terremotos y Piratas

​103. Father Serra Cross: On a hill,
​overlooking ​the land he shepherded

​103.
La Cruz del Padre Serra:
​En una colina, ​con vistas a la tierra que pastoreaba


104. The Birthplace of Santa Barbara
104. El Lugar de Nacimiento de Santa Barbara

105. The Queen of the Spanish Missions
105. La Reina de las Misiones Españolas

106. Mission Santa Ines: Built to relieve other overcrowded missions
106. Misión Santa Inés: Construida para aliviar otras misiones superpobladas

107. Mission La Purísima Concepcion:
​Going back in time ​to Spanish California

107. Mision La Purísima Concepción:
Retrocediendo en ​el tiempo a la California española


XXX. Saluting an exile: ​Father Félix Varela
XXX. The Meaning of 'Sotomayor'
EXPLORING THE SOUTHEAST
To recharge our spiritual and cultural batteries
​Cuban-Americans come to ​'La Ermita'

Para recargar nuestras baterías espirituales y culturales
los cubanoamericanos vienen a 'La Ermita'


San Carlos Institute: Like walking into a  Cuban history book

Instituto San Carlos: Como entrar en un libro de historia de Cuba

​Key West: So close to Cuba and yet so far away
Key West: Tan cerca de Cuba y sin embargo tan lejos​


An exclusive preview ​of a new, yet ancient Miami cultural center
Un adelanto exclusivo ​de un nuevo, aún antiguo centro cultural de Miami


Miami's Bayfront Park celebrates ​almost all the Americas
​El Bayfront Park de Miami celebra casi todas las Américas

On Florida's Camino Real only remnants remain
En el Camino Real de Florida solo quedan restos
​

​A trip back in time, to colonial Spanish Florida
Un viaje al pasado, a la Florida española colonial

​Pensacola, Florida: ​'​A Spanish Town'
Pensacola, Florida: ​'Un pueblo español'


In the American Revolution, ​Hispanics fought and won the Battle of Pensacola
En la Revolución Americana, los hispanos lucharon y ganaron la Batalla de Pensacola

Pensacola, 'America's First Settlement' remembers its Spanish founder
​
Pensacola, el primer pueblo estadounidense recuerda a su fundador español

History Museum of Mobile recognizes pre-British American 'age of exploration'
Museo de Historia de Mobile reconoce la 'era de exploración' estadounidense prebritánica


A multilingual fort and its rotating history
Un fuerte multilingüe y su historia rotativa


​Mobil's Spanish Plaza Park, ​an unexpected gem
​Plaza de España de Mobile, una joya inesperada

Twenty-one road trip stops Tracing De Soto's Journey
Veintiuna paradas el la carretera Trazando el viaje de De Soto

ON THE ROAD AGAIN - 
​​1. Walt Whitman's House, ​Camden, NJ
​
2. ​Casa de Walt Whitman, ​Camden, NJ

2. Yorktown ​Battlefield, Va.
2. ​Campo de Batalla Yorktown

​
3. ​'First Landing' State Park, Va.
​3. Parque estatal 'First Landing'


4. ​Jamestown Settlement, Va.
4. Asentamiento de Jamestown Settlement, Va.


​5. ​When Florida reached South Carolina,
​    St. Helena was an important town

5. Cuando Florida llegaba hasta Carolina del Sur,
​    Santa Helena era un pueblo importante


​
6. Juan Ponce de Leon at ​Ponte Vedra Beach, Fl.
6. Juan Ponce de León en Playa de Ponte Vedra, Fl.​

7. Fort Mose Historic State Park, Fl.
​The first free African American community - in Spanish Florida!

​​7. ​Parque Estatal Histórico Fort Mose, Fl.
​​La primera comunidad afroamericana libre - en la Florida española!


8. St. Augustine, Fl., The "Old City Gate"
​at our first permanent settlement
​
8. San Agustín, Florida, La "Puerta de la Ciudad Vieja"
​en nuestro primer pueblo permanente

9. St. Augustine, Fl., Castillo de San Marcos
9. Castillo de San Marcos, ​San Agustín, Fl.

​

​​


Castillo de San Marcos, ​San Agustín, Fl.
EXPLORING NEW MEXICO - 2023
​​1. Our journey begins ​at La Jornada
​​1. Nuestra jornada comienza ​en 'La Jornada'


2. In Old Town Albuquerque, if you have Spanish blood, you feel it!
​
​2. En Old Town Albuquerque, si tienes sangre española, ´lo sientes!​

3. Albuquerque: An American city named after a Spanish duke
3. Albuquerque: Una ciudad Americana con el nombre de un duque español

4. San Felipe de Neri, Albuquerque's patron saint and oldest building
4. San Felipe de Neri, patrón de Albuquerque ​y edificio más antiguo

5. History cannot be hidden or denied, even if it hurts
5. La historia no se puede ocultar ni negar, aunque duela

6. Following the historic Dominguez-Escalante Trail
6. Siguiendo el sendero histórico de Domínguez y Escalante

7. An amazing cultural center and its even ​more amazing fresco

7. Un centro cultural increíble ​y su fresco aún más asombroso​
​
8. Hispanic heritage lives ​in Native American museum

8. La herencia hispana vive en museo de nativos americanos​

9. The Native American pueblo Coronado visited, or fought?
9. El pueblo nativo americano que Coronado ™visitó o peleó?

10. My namesake San Miguel, ​the oldest church on the United States mainland
10. Mi homónimo San Miguel, la iglesia ​más antigua de los Estados Unidos continentales

11. If it's not the 'Oldest House,' ​it's certainly among them!
​11. Si no es la 'casa más antigua', ´Sin duda está entre ellas!

12. Santa Fe, a modern city that looks like an ancient pueblo
12. Santa Fe, una ciudad moderna que parece un pueblo antiguo

13. You know the conquistadores? Now meet 'La Conquistadora'
13. ™Conoces a los conquistadores? Ahora conoce a 'La Conquistadora'

14. You think you are in a park, ​but you are walking in a history book

14. Crees que estás en un parque, ​pero estás caminando en un libro de historia

15. A palace, a plaza and a desecrated obelisk
15. Un palacio, una plaza y un obelisco profanado

16. New Mexico's History shines in its fearless museums
16. La historia de Nuevo México vive en sus intrépidos museos

17. Don Pedro de Peralta still rides in Santa Fe
17. Don Pedro de Peralta todavía cabalga en Santa Fe

18. Two sacred monuments to honor the martyrs​​​
18. Dos monumentos sagrados para honrar a los mártires

19. On U.S. land that was part of Mexico, she is still revered
​
19. En territorio estadounidense que era parte de México, todavía es venerada

20. Digging for miraculous dirt in the Santuario de Chimayó
​
20. Excavando en busca de tierra milagrosa en el Santuario de Chimayó

21. Española is not a Spanish woman; It's a fabulous place!
21. Española no es una mujer española, Es un lugar fabuloso!

22. History, faith, culture and pride on display ​in Hispanic fiestas
22. Historia, fe, cultura y orgullo en exhibición en las fiestas hispanas​

23. A town with Indian and Spanish names: Ohkay Owingeh and San Juan de los Caballeros
23. Un pueblo con nombre indio y español: Ohkay Owingeh y San Juan de los  Caballeros

24. Searching for San Gabriel, New Mexico's abandoned capital
24. Buscando a San Gabriel, La capital abandonada de Nuevo Mexico
SPECIAL SECTIONS
• Great (pro-Hispanic) Americans
​• Spanish-American expeditions before Jamestown
• NYC ​Hispanic Landmarks
• NYC Hispanic Art
• Do You Know Them? Los Conoces?
• Garita Art
​
• Do You Speak Spanglish?
HISPANIC AMERICAN HISTORY TIMELINE
​• 16th Century in the Hispanic American History Timeline
• 17th Century in the Hispanic American History Timeline
• 18th Century in the Hispanic American History Timeline
​

​1513 Ponce de Leon Discovers North America, Names Her 'Florida'

April 22, 1513 ​Alaminos discovers the Gulf Stream

1517 De Cordoba, wounded in Yucatan, stops in Florida

1518 Grijalva Reaches Galveston Island

1519 De Pineda confirms Florida ​is not an island​

1521 Ponce de Leon Returns to Florida, Falls Mortally Wounded

1524-25 Estevan Gomez Explores North America's East Coast

1526 Ayllón lands in S.C., settles in Georgia


1528 Narváez expedition succumbs to storms and natives

1528-36 Cabeza de Vaca treks across North America

1537-42 Cabeza de Vaca Returns to Spain, Writes 'La Relación'

1539 De Niza Searches for Golden Cities of Cibola
​

1539-42 De Soto celebrates first American Christmas

1540 Hernando de Alarcon Reaches California

1540-42 Coronado Explores the Southwest,
Cardenas Discovers ​the Grand Canyon


1542-43  ​Cabrillo explores California coast​

1559 De Luna Builds Santa Maria de Ochuse​


1565 Pedro Menendez de Avilés Establishes San Agustin

1566 Santa Elena Built in South Carolina

1598 ​Juan de Oñate Explores New Mexico

1602 Sebastian Vizcaino ​explores the West Coast

1610 Pedro de Peralta establishes Santa Fe

1610-26 The Birth of San Miguel, oldest church in the U.S.A.

1613 Juan Rodriguez becomes the first Manhattan immigrant

1633 Misión San Luis de Apalachee is born in Tallahassee

​1682 San Antonio de la Ysleta becomes first mission in Texas

1691 Father Eusebio Kino builds Tumacácori and Guevavi

1692 ​Father Kino builds San Xavier del Bac 

1692 Diego de Vargas leads ​'Bloodless Reconquest" of Santa Fe

1695 Castillo de San Marcos ​Completed in St. Augustine

1718 Mission San Antonio de Valero is born
​- long before it became The Alamo
​

1738 Runaway slaves establish Fort Mose,
​the first free African-American community​


​1738 Francisco Menendez Leads Fort Mose

1742 Spanish Soldiers ​Open Fort Matanzas

1752 Spanish Soldiers Build Presidio de Tubac

1763 Spanish Florida Goes to England

1765 Juan Antonio Maria de Rivera ​explores ​Colorado and Utah
​
1769 
Father Serra opens ​San Diego de Alcalá,
California's first ​Spanish mission


1771 Father Serra establishes San Gabriel Arcángel

1772 Good hunting determines site
​of ​Misión San Luis Obispo de Tolosa


1775 Captain Hugh O’Connor
​builds Presidio San Agustin del Tucson


​1776-83 Hispanics in the American Revolution

1776 The Birth of San Francisco

1781 Spanish troops defeat the British, capture Pensacola

1781 Pobladores of Los Angeles are imported

1791 ​Alessandro Malaspina Alaska Reaches Alaska

1797 Fermín Francisco de Lasuén
Establishes Misión San Fernando Rey de España


1797 The Birth of Villa de Branciforte
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Please join our dialogue on Facebook / Por favor únete a nuestro diálogo en Facebook

Herencia Hispana Oculta de America:
La Lista de Lugares, Ideas, y Evidencia Historica para Reconectár a los Americanos con sus Raíces Hispanas

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America's Hidden Hispanic Heritage:
The Bucket List of Places, Ideas and Historical Evidence to Reconnect Americans with their  Hispanic Roots
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