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80. Smithsonian Omits Hispanics
     In U.S. History Exhibit  

By Miguel Pérez

​
June 9, 2015 - 
On the broad streets of Washington, D.C., and within the majestic halls of the U.S. Capitol, our often-hidden Hispanic heritage had not been hard to find. My Great Hispanic American History Tour had discovered many remarkable monuments and works of art recognizing Hispanic patriots and heroes and their contributions to this great nation. I was truly impressed — until I got to the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History.

Wow! After visiting so many Hispanic historical sites around the country, what a disappointment!

It was as if I had walked into an average American history book, with all its typical blatant omissions of the contributions of Hispanic Americans. I was amazed to find that "American Stories," the museum's main exhibit outlining American history, rudely and disrespectfully begins in 1776 — and omits the 263 years when mostly Spanish settlers explored and built this nation, starting in 1513, when Juan Ponce de Leon discovered what is now the U.S. mainland.

Among these "American Stories" — represented by photos of prominent Americans — you see many white, black and Native American faces. But I was dumbfounded by how few Hispanic faces are part of these montages.

The exhibit is broken into several periods of American history, with large displays devoted to "1776-1801: Forming a New Nation, 1801-1870: Expansion and Reform, 1870-1900: Industrial Development, 1900-1945: Emergence of Modern America, 1945-Present: Postwar and Contemporary America."

As if Hispanics were latecomers instead of pioneers to American history, I found only two Hispanic faces in "American Stories," and they were both on the 1945-present display — union leader Cesar Chavez and Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor.

But I kept looking for a display that wasn't there. I kept searching for one that could have been called "1513-1776: The Mostly Spanish Exploration and Settlement of North America." Unfortunately, in this museum, that portion of American history has obviously succumbed to that centuries-old anti-Hispanic propaganda known as the Black Legend — which leads many historians to distort or omit Hispanic American history.

All I found about those missing centuries was a tiny map of the Spanish empire in 1754, with a caption noting that "the Spanish were the first to colonize North America. Since the 1500s they had established settlements in the Caribbean, in Mexico and from Florida to California."

And that was in another part of the museum! You really have to look all over this vast museum to find that short paragraph. Yet "American Stories," the big exhibit with huge displays, blatantly avoids giving credit to Spanish accomplishments. The museum's website notes, "'American Stories' highlights the ways in which objects and stories can reinforce and challenge our understanding of history and help define our personal and national identities."

Really? Certainly not for Latinos!

Although the exhibit begins in 1776, it does make an exception, rewinding back in time to feature a "Fragment of Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts said to be where the Pilgrims landed in 1620." The museum's website notes that the exhibit features more than 100 objects, through which "visitors can follow a chronology that spans the Pilgrims' 1620 arrival in Plymouth, Massachusetts, through the 2008 presidential election."

If you follow this exhibit, you can easily be misled into believing that American history began only after the British arrived. The omissions are downright embarrassing and offensive.

"The story of Plymouth Rock often obscures the history of earlier European and British settlements, such as Jamestown, Virginia as well as the arrival of enslaved Africans as early as 1619," the exhibit explains.

That's true. But exhibits such as this one often obscure the history of earlier Spanish settlements, such as St. Augustine, Florida, as well as the arrival of conquistadors from the Caribbean and Mexico as early as 1513.

This great irony kept reminding me of Walt Whitman's great quotation on this subject: "We Americans have yet to really learn our own antecedents," Whitman wrote in an 1883 letter celebrating our Hispanic heritage, as if he were referring to a 21st-century Smithsonian museum. "Thus far, impressed by New-England writers and schoolmasters, we tacitly abandon ourselves to the notion that our United States have been fashioned from the British Islands only, and essentially form a second England only — which is a very great mistake."

Indeed, Mr. Whitman! Indeed!

But how can these blatant omissions still be occurring in the 21st century?

When I expressed my concerns to Melinda Machado, the museum's director of communications, she kept trying to switch the conversation to future exhibits in which the museum plans to be more inclusive of Latinos. She said the museum is about to launch a new exhibit called "American Enterprise," which will take a chronological look at the history of American business. "I think it's going to do a better job of telling — you know, unpacking — some of the Latino stories," she said.

Machado explained that some of the stories in the "American Stories" exhibit have been rotating and that at some point, the exhibit included a display on the Hispanic quinceanera (15th birthday) tradition and a tribute to baseball superstar Roberto Clemente. Yet I've been there twice in the past two years, and both times I missed the quinceanera and Clemente rotations. I never saw them.

To preserve exhibit items properly, Machado said many fragile materials couldn't be kept on display indefinitely, and that's understandable. But it left me wondering why even the photographs of the quinceanera dress and Clemente's batting helmet were removed from the online version of the exhibit.

Machado said that she has heard concerns before when the museum has had "special and changing exhibits where topics are covered but then they go away" and that she would pass my "frustration" along to the museum's curatorial team.

"It's unfortunate, but it doesn't surprise me," said Cid Wilson, a member of a Congress-appointed commission that in 2011 proposed the creation of a Smithsonian National Museum of the American Latino. "That just reiterates the argument that we are making that we need our own permanent museum," he added, "so that there is always a Latino story on display, 365 days of the year."

While legislation that would jump-start the fundraising, designing and building of that museum is stagnating in Congress, Wilson said the idea of creating at least a permanent Hispanic gallery somewhere within the existing Smithsonian museums is long overdue.

Latinos have a long history of heroism and sacrifice fighting to defend the United States, yet in the National Museum of American History's "The Price of Freedom — Americans at War" exhibit, except for a reference to Union Navy Adm. David Farragut, the only times I saw Latinos were when they were fighting against the U.S. in the Mexican-American and Spanish-American wars.

There are two small Latino-themed exhibits — one devoted to Cuban superstar salsa singer Celia Cruz and the other to the Mexican Day of the Dead tradition — but they come across as very small efforts to make up for the whitewashing of Hispanic American history.

Throughout the museum, you are given the impression that North America was explored and settled from east to west by people who spoke English instead of from south to north and more than a century earlier by people who spoke Spanish.

Remarkably, in anticipation of a new African-American museum scheduled to open in 2016, the National Museum of American History has a "National Museum of African American History and Culture Gallery." But no such gallery has been created to anticipate the museum that will celebrate Hispanic history and culture. And the time has come to ask: Why not?

"This is something we would like to see," Wilson said. "We are looking to establish at least a gallery until we get a museum."

Machado said there have been discussions about hosting such a gallery at the history museum "when the African-American History and Culture (Gallery) departs." But she noted that although that space could conceivably become available in 2016, "it gets complicated." Wouldn't you know it? Just when Latinos are seeking their share of the American pie, that portion of the building is scheduled for reconstruction at that time.

In a 1994 report titled "Willful Neglect," the Smithsonian recognized that U.S. Latinos were the only major contributors to American civilization not permanently recognized by that institution's many galleries. Yet more than 20 years later, there is still no room at the Smithsonian Inn for a permanent Hispanic gallery. I don't know whether the neglect is still "willful," but it certainly remains disgraceful.

Mind you, the Smithsonian has its own "Latino Center," created in 1997 to deal with the "willful neglect" exposed in 1994, and it has done a good job promoting Hispanic exhibits all over the country. But it cannot possibly control the treatment of Latinos in all Smithsonian exhibits, and with the insensitivity displayed in some Smithsonian exhibits, it's obviously not enough. There is an underrepresentation of Latinos in American history in the Smithsonian museums, and it has to stop.

Within the Smithsonian, there are Latino curators who say they have made great strides in adding Hispanic content to the institution's collection in recent years, but even they will tell you they know it's not enough. They tell you there is politics, bureaucracy and excuses preventing Latinos from getting their own museum in the near future and their own permanent gallery as early as mañana.

IMPORTANT UPDATE:

Although this column was written in 2015, I returned to the museum in 2018, and the "American Stories" exhibit was still there, exactly the same. The physical exhibit was finally dismantled in 2020! However, the online version of that exhibit (with all its omissions) remains on the museum's website. Check out: https://americanhistory.si.edu/american-stories

SECOND IMPORTANT UPDATE:

After resisting for many years, on December 21, 2020, Congress finally approved legislation to start the process of creating a national Latino museum. "We have overcome tremendous obstacles and unbelievable hurdles to get to this historic moment, but as I've said before, Latinos are used to overcoming obstacles," said Sen. Bob Menendez, D-N.J., who co-sponsored the bipartisan legislation to create the "National Museum of the American Latino." There were many articles about the struggle to reach this victory, and I've created a page with links to many of them.
​Check out: The Fight for a Latino Museum
​
Miguel Perez
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En español
Smithsonian Omite a los Hispanos
​
en Exhibición de Historia de EE.UU.

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Plymouth Rock
Miguel Perez
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Walt Whitman
Dia de los Muertos exhibit
Dia de los Muertos exhibit
Celia Cruz exhibit
Celia Cruz exhibit
Pictureational Museum of African american History and Culture Gallery
National Museum of African American History and Culture Gallery
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Some of the Missing pre-1776 Portraits:
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Pedro Menendez de Aviles
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Juan Ponce de Leon
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Hernando de Soto
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Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón
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Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca
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Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
Bernardo de Galvez
Bernardo de Galvez
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Martín de Argüelles
Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
Eusebio Kino
Father Eusebio Kino
Panfilo de Narvaez
Pánfilo de Narváez
Juan de Oñate
Juan de Oñate
Juan Ortiz
Juan Ortiz
Fray Luis Cáncer de Barbastro
Fray Luis Cáncer de Barbastro
Estevanico
Estevanico
Tristan de Luna
Tristan de Luna
Father Junipero Serra
Father Junipero Serra
Fray Marcos de Niza
Fray Marcos de Niza
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                   CHAPTERS/CAPITULOS

1. Our Pre-Mayflower Thanksgivings
Nuestros Días de Acción de Gracias Pre-Mayflower
               
2. A Tale of Two Cities
                 
3. Our Pre-Hispanic Heritage
              

4. The Black Legend Returns

4. La Leyenda Negra Regresa
                
5. Even on HBO, The Black Legend Lives
                   
6. Our Spanish Heritage
                     
7. Exalted or Offended?
                    
8. We are all 'Americanos'
                  
9. Latinos are Failing
                  
10. Hispanic, Columbus or Indigenous Day?
10. 
™Dia Hispano, De Colon o Indigena?
                   
11. Two Good Places to Rest
11. Dos buenos lugares para descansar
                  
12. Whitman's Prophetic Letter
12. La Carta Profética de Whitman
                  
13. America’s Cradle
13. La Cuna de America
                 
14. Our Quincentennial is Coming!

14. ´Nuestro Quinto Centenario Se Avecina!
                   
15. 
This chapter was merged with Chapter 29
                
16. A Time To Welcome the Spirits
                  
17. A Hispanic Christmas
17. Una Navidad Hispana
                  
18. JOSE MARTI:
     His Legacy Lives Here
     Su Legado Vive Aquí 
                
19. Hyphenated and Proud!
                   
20. Politicizing Education

21. Speak Any Spanish Lately?
              
22. Happy Three Kings Day!
22. ​
´Feliz Día de Reyes!
               
23. 
This chapter was merged with Chapter 29

24. A Long-Overdue Museum
                 
25. America's First Christmas was celebrated in Spanish
25. La Primera Navidad Americana fue celebrada en español

26. The Grand Canyon
and the Bucket List
 Of Hispanic Heritage
26. El Gran Canyon
y la Lista de Lugares de la Herencia Hispana

                  
27. Now That Fiesta Month Is Here,
Can We Talk About Heritage?

27. Ahora que el mes de fiesta hispana esta aquí,

​™Podemos hablar de nuestra herencia?
                  
28. Our Hispanic Heritage: On Exhibit and Yet Hidden
28. Nuestra Herencia Hispana: En Exhibición y Sin Embargo Oculta

29. Florida's Birthday Should Be a National Holiday

             
30. A Local Celebration that Should be National               

31. 
This chapter was merged with Chapter 30               
​

32. The Conveniently 'Forgotten War'
32. La Guerra Convenientemente Olvidada

33. Guantanamo Has a History  June 4, 2013

34. Exposing the Social Media Bigots  June 18, 2013
34. Exponiendo a los Intolerantes
     de los Medios Sociales June 18, 2013

35. Thinking of Cusi On the Fourth of July
35. Pensando en Cusi en el Cuatro de Julio

36. The Discovery of White Hispanics
36.  El Descubrimiento de los Hispanos Blancos

37. Let's Build a Timeline Of Hispanic-American History
37. Vamos a Construir una Cronología
     De la Historia Hispanoamericana

38. In the Name of Heritage
38. En el Nombre de la Herencia

39. Hispanics or Latinos?
39. ™Hispanos o Latinos?

40.  Hollywood's Hidden Hispanic Heritage
40. La Herencia Hispana Oculta en Hollywood

41. Obliviously Living in ‘The Land of Estevan Gomez’
41. Viviendo Inconscientemente
       En la ‘Tierra de Estevan Gómez’

42. Marking America's Birthplace
42. Marcando el Lugar de Nacimiento De Estados Unidos

43. Hispanics in Denial Should Be Infamous
43. Los Hispanos en Rechazo Deben Ser Infames

44. 
Gay Marriage's Hidden American History
      Started in Spanish
 CABEZA DE VACA'S JOURNEY
44. La Historia Oculta del Matrimonio Gay
      En América Comenzó en Español
        EL VIAJE DE CABEZA DE VACA​

45. Super Bowl Coke Commercial
       Draws Out Ugly Americans

45. Comercial de Coke en Super Bowl
     Hace Relucir a los Americanos Feos


46. 
The 'Discovery' of Self-Loathing Hispanics
46. El ‘Descubrimiento' de los
     Hispanos que se Auto Desprecian


THE GREAT HISPANIC AMERICAN HISTORY TOUR 
June 2014 - January 2015


47. My Pilgrimage to San Xavier
47. Mi Peregrinaje a San Xavier

48. The Great Hispanic American History Tour
48. La Gran Gira por la Historia Hispanoamericana

49. On the Trail of Conquistadors
49. En el Camino de los Conquistadores

50. Beyond St. Augustine
50. Más Allá de San Agustín

51. A Hidden Hispanic Role Model
51. Un Modelo Hispano Oculto

52. The Hispanic Flank of the American Revolution
52. El Flanco Hispano de la Revolucion Americana
​

53. New Orleans Has a Spanish ‘Ne Sais Quoi’
53. Nueva Orleans Tiene Un ‘Ne Sais Quoi’ Español

54. Galveston: Still the Isle of Misfortune?

55. Extracting Compacted History
     Unveils Hidden Hispanic Heritage

56. 'Remember The Alamo' Was a Spanish Mission

57. San Antonio: The Showcase Of Our Hispanic Heritage

58. There Was Compassion On the Spanish Mission Trail

59. A Hidden Latina Role Model

60. Time Portals on the Road

61. The First Thanksgiving
     In the (Southwest) United States

62. The World's Biggest Statue
of a Nameless Horseback Rider


63. A River Runs Through Our Hispanic Heritage

64. A Beacon of Hope On a Border Mountaintop

65. A Mexican-American Town
65. Un Pueblo Mexico-Americano

66. The Crossroads of Conquistadors

67. Hiking In Search of Coronado's Trail

68. The Real American Pioneers

69. Keeping My Pledge to San Xavier

70. If They Knew Arizona's History,
     They Wouldn't Be So Xenophobic

71. 'Tucson' is a Spanish Adaptation

72. Under a Utah Lake, Hispanic Heritage Lives

73. A Hilltop View Of Hispanic Heritage

74. Searching for Coronado's Quivira

75. The Spanish Savior of St. Louis

76. 
Jefferson's Spanish Library

WASHINGTON, D.C.
February-June 2015

77. When Galvez Came to Congress
77. Cuando Gálvez Vino al Congreso


78. A Tour of Our Extraordinarily Hispanic U.S. Capitol

79. Searching for Not-S0-Hidden
Hispanic Heritage in Washington, DC


80. Smithsonian Omits Hispanics In U.S. History Exhibit
80. Smithsonian Omite a los Hispanos
     en Exhibición de Historia de EE.UU.
MIAMI - August 2015
​
81. Finding Dad in a Museum
81. Encontre a Mi Padre en un Museo


​CALIFORNIA ROAD TRIP - 2018
82. International Friendship Park ​at U.S.-Mexico Border
​- A Jagged Corner of the World


83. Old Town San Diego State Historic Park
​
84. Cabrillo National Monument

85. ​It took more than 2 centuries

86. Presidio Park: The Birthplace
of the Spanish Colonization of California


87. Junípero Serra Museum Transcends the Story of a Great Man

88. Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá:
California's First Spanish Mission


89. Old Mission (Padre) Dam: California's First Aqueduct

90. Even at the beach in San Diego, you can't avoid Spanish history

91. Chicano Park: Mexican-American ​painted under highway ramps

92. Balboa Park: Candy for your eyes amid a painful controversy!

93. San Diego: An American Town
Named After the Saint from Alcalá

93. San Diego: Un Pueblo Americano
Lleva el Nombre del Santo de Alcalá


94. San Luis Rey de Francia: The King of the California Missions
94. San Luis Rey de Francia: ​El Rey de las Misiones de California

95. San Antonio de Pala:
A Sub-Mission to Reach
 the Natives of the Interior
95. San Antonio de Pala:
Una Asistencia para Alcanzar los Nativos del Interior

96. San Juan Capistrano:
The Home of the Mission Swallows
 from Argentina
96. San Juan Capistrano:
El Hogar de las Golondrinas Desaparecidas ​de Argentina

97. San Gabriel Arcángel: A Mission that Launched Cities
97. San Gabriel Arcángel: Una Misión Que Lanzó Ciudades

98. El Pueblo de la Reina de Los Ángeles:
Hispanics had to be imported

98. El Pueblo de la Reina de Los Ángeles:
Hispanos tuvieron que sen importados


99. La Plaza de Cultura y Artes:
A Walk through Mexican-American History

99. La Plaza de Cultura y Artes:
Un Paseo por la historia 
​mexicoamericana


100. Strolling the Hispanic Walk of Fame
​100. Caminando por el Paseo Hispano de la Fama

101. San Fernando Rey de España Teaches
California's Colonial History

101. ​​San Fernando Rey de España Enseña
la historia colonial de California


​102. Mission San Buenaventura Survived Earthquakes and Pirates
102. Misión San Buenaventura Sobrevivió Terremotos y Piratas

​103. Father Serra Cross: On a hill,
​overlooking ​the land he shepherded

​103. La Cruz del Padre Serra: En una colina,
​con vistas a la tierra que pastoreaba


104. The Birthplace of Santa Barbara
104. El Lugar de Nacimiento de Santa Barbara

105. The Queen of the Spanish Missions
105. La Reina de las Misiones Españolas

106. Mission Santa Ines: Built to relieve other overcrowded missions
106. Misión Santa Inés: Construida para aliviar otras misiones superpobladas

107. Mission La Purísima Concepcion:
​Going back in time ​to Spanish California

107. Mision La Purísima Concepción:
Retrocediendo en ​el tiempo a la California española


XXX. Saluting an exile: ​Father Félix Varela
XXX. The Meaning of 'Sotomayor'
SPECIAL SECTIONS
• Great (pro-Hispanic) Americans
​
• 16th Century in the Hispanic American History Timeline
• 17th Century in the Hispanic American History Timeline
• 18th Century in the Hispanic American History Timeline
​
• Spanish-American expeditions before Jamestown
• NYC ​Hispanic Landmarks
• NYC Hispanic Art
• Do You Know/Sabes?
• Garita Art
​
• Do You Speak Spanglish?
HISPANIC AMERICAN HISTORY TIMELINE
​1513 Ponce de Leon Discovers North America, Names Her 'Florida'

April 22, 1513 ​Alaminos discovers the Gulf Stream

1517 De Cordoba, wounded in Yucatan, stops in Florida

1518 Grijalva Reaches Galveston Island

1519 De Pineda confirms Florida ​is not an island​

1521 Ponce de Leon Returns to Florida, Falls Mortally Wounded

1524-25 Estevan Gomez Explores North America's East Coast

1526 Ayllón lands in S.C., settles in Georgia


1528 Narváez expedition succumbs to storms and natives

1528-36 Cabeza de Vaca treks across North America

1537-42 Cabeza de Vaca Returns to Spain, Writes 'La Relación'

1539 De Niza Searches for Golden Cities of Cibola
​

1539-42 De Soto celebrates first American Christmas

1540 Hernando de Alarcon Reaches California

1540-42 Coronado Explores the Southwest,
Cardenas Discovers ​the Grand Canyon


1542-43  ​Cabrillo explores California coast​

1559 De Luna Builds Santa Maria de Ochuse​


1565 Pedro Menendez de Avilés Establishes San Agustin

1566 Santa Elena Built in South Carolina

1598 ​Juan de Oñate Explores New Mexico

1602 Sebastian Vizcaino ​explores the West Coast

1610 Pedro de Peralta establishes Santa Fe

1610-26 The Birth of San Miguel, oldest church in the U.S.A.

1613 Juan Rodriguez becomes the first Manhattan immigrant

1633 Misión San Luis de Apalachee is born in Tallahassee

​1682 San Antonio de la Ysleta becomes first mission in Texas

1691 Father Eusebio Kino builds Tumacácori and Guevavi

1692 ​Father Kino builds San Xavier del Bac 

1692 Diego de Vargas leads ​'Bloodless Reconquest" of Santa Fe

1695 Castillo de San Marcos ​Completed in St. Augustine

1718 Mission San Antonio de Valero is born
​- long before it became The Alamo
​

1738 Runaway slaves establish Fort Mose,
​the first free African-American community​


​1738 Francisco Menendez Leads Fort Mose

1742 Spanish Soldiers ​Open Fort Matanzas

1752 Spanish Soldiers Build Presidio de Tubac

1763 Spanish Florida Goes to England

1765 Juan Antonio Maria de Rivera ​explores ​Colorado and Utah
​
1769 
Father Serra opens ​San Diego de Alcalá,
California's first ​Spanish mission


1771 Father Serra establishes San Gabriel Arcángel

1772 Good hunting determines site
​of ​Misión San Luis Obispo de Tolosa


1775 Captain Hugh O’Connor
​builds Presidio San Agustin del Tucson


​1776-83 Hispanics in the American Revolution

1776 The Birth of San Francisco

1781 Spanish troops defeat the British, capture Pensacola

1781 Pobladores of Los Angeles are imported

1791 ​Alessandro Malaspina Alaska Reaches Alaska

1797 Fermín Francisco de Lasuén
Establishes Misión San Fernando Rey de España


1797 The Birth of Villa de Branciforte

Herencia Hispana Oculta de America:
La Lista de Lugares, Ideas, y Evidencia Historica para Reconectár a los Americanos con sus Raíces Hispanas

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America's Hidden Hispanic Heritage:
The Bucket List of Places, Ideas and Historical Evidence to Reconnect Americans with their  Hispanic Roots
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